Reference

AI compute economics glossary

Plain-English definitions of the terms that actually decide what AI compute costs — the metrics, constraints and trade-offs behind $/M-token. 21 terms.

$/M-token

The price of running a model, per one million tokens.

Acquisition mode

How compute is procured — on-demand, reserved, or owned.

Build-vs-buy break-even

The volume where self-hosting beats paying a hosted API per token.

Cache hit (prompt caching)

Reusing a processed prompt prefix, billed at a discount.

Capability tier

Mintok’s 1–8 scale of how capable a model is — separate from its price.

Context window

The maximum tokens a model can consider at once.

Cost per run

The dollar cost of a single agent or task invocation.

gCO₂ per million tokens

The emissions/energy twin of $/M-token.

Grid carbon intensity

Grams of CO₂ emitted per kWh of grid electricity.

HBM (High Bandwidth Memory)

The fast on-package memory on an AI accelerator — capacity and cost driver.

MBU (Model Bandwidth Utilization)

The fraction of an accelerator’s peak memory bandwidth actually used.

MFU (Model FLOPs Utilization)

The fraction of an accelerator’s peak compute actually used.

MoE (Mixture of Experts)

An architecture where only a subset of parameters activate per token.

Prefill vs decode

The two phases of LLM inference, with different bottlenecks.

PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness)

Datacenter overhead multiplier — total power ÷ IT power.

Quantization (served precision)

Running a model at lower numeric precision to cut memory and cost.

Rack BOM (bill of materials)

The itemized component list and cost of an AI server rack.

Size class

A model’s scale bucket — Flagship, Balanced, Fast, or Nano.

TCO (Total Cost of Ownership)

The all-in lifetime cost of running compute, not just the sticker price.

Tokens per second (throughput)

Steady-state generation speed during decode.

TTFT (Time To First Token)

How long from request to the first output token.

Definitions maintained by Mintok. See the methodology for how these feed the sizing and cost models.